معرفی ابعاد پنج‌گانه قدرت جمهوری اسلامی با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد نظری «بارنت و دیووال» به مفهوم قدرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه روابط بین الملل دانشگاه خوارزمی

2 کارشناسی ارشد رشته روابط بین الملل دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین

چکیده

هدف:واژه «قدرت» یکی از مفاهیم پرکاربرد و جدال‌برانگیز در عرصه «علوم سیاسی» و هم­چنین «روابط بین‌الملل» می‌باشد که تعاریف مختلفی از آن ارائه گردیده است و نظریه‌های مختلف با رویکردهای هستی‌شناسانه، معرفت‌شناسانه و روش‌شناسانه مختلف، هریک از نگاه خود به بررسی مفهوم «قدرت» پرداخته‌اند. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی ابعاد قدرت جمهوری اسلامی ایران به­ عنوان یک کنش­گر در عرصه روابط ­بین ­الملل می ­باشد. اگرچه می ­توان به ­صورت تجربی به نتایجی در این خصوص دست یافت، لکن تحلیل قدرت جمهوری اسلامی ایران در عرصه روابط بین ­الملل براساس رویکردهای نظری یکی از الزامات پژوهشی محققان علاقه ­مند به بررسی حوزه انقلاب اسلامی به ­صورت عام و جمهوری اسلامی ایران به­ صورت خاص می ­باشد.
روش‌شناسی پژوهش: در این پژوهش، رویکرد تلفیقی «مایکل بارنت و ریموند دیووال» به مفهوم «قدرت» به ­عنوان چارچوب نظری انتخاب گردیده است. داده­ های مربوط به قدرت جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز از منابع کتاب­خانه ­ای و وب­محور (اینترنتی) جمع ­آوری شده است. از نظر تجزیه و تحلیل این پژوهش در زمره تحقیقات توصیفی - تحلیلی قرار دارد.
یافته‌ها: یافته­ های پژوهش حاضر نشان می ­دهد که جمهوری اسلامی ایران علاوه بر چهار نوع قدرت «اجباری»، «نهادی»، «ساختاری» و «مولد»، دارای بُعد پنجم قدرت با عنوان «قدرت معنوی» می­ باشد که قابلیت انطباق بر هیچ‌یک از رویکردهای نظری در باب «قدرت» را ندارد، لکن به‌عنوان یک منبع بیرونی قدرت که کنش‌گران را تحت تأثیر قرار داده و آنان را در ایفای نقش مثبت در عرصه اجتماع (منطبق بر تعالیم دینی) یاری می‌رساند نمود دارد.
نتیجه‌گیری: میتوان گفت که جمهوری اسلامی ایران به ­عنوان کنش­گری که مستظهر به پنج بُعد قدرت «اجباری»، «نهادی»، «ساختاری»، «مولد» و «معنوی» می ­باشد، در عرصه روابط بین­ الملل به ایفای نقش می ­پردازد.  

کلیدواژه‌ها


  • Adami, Ali; Rezaei, Nima (2016), “The nature and dimensions of the implicit informal regime of region security of the "Islamic Republic" In the West Asian region”. Quarterly Journal of Political Research in the Islamic World, Year 6, Issue 4, 61-89. (In Persian)
  • Ajili, Hadi; Rezaei, Nima (2017), “Defensive and offensive realism: A theoretical framework for analyzing the events in the Persian Gulf”. National Security Quarterly, Year 8, No 27, 165-198. (In Persian)
  • Baldwin, D. A. (2013), “Power and International Relations”. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons. Handbook of International Relations. London, California, New Delhi and Singapore: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Barnett, M.; Duvall, R. (2005), “Power in International Politics”. International Organization, Vol 59, No 1, 39-75.
  • Blair, C. P; Jansson, M. (2012), “Sanctions, Military Strikes, and Other Potential Actions Against Iran”. Retrieved from Federation Of American Science(FAS) Website: https://fas.org/ docs/2012_Iran_and_Global_Economy.pdf
  • Dehghani Firouzabadi, Seyyed Jalal (2011), “Power technologies in soft warfare”. Quarterly Journal of Strategic Studies, Year 14, Issue 1, No 51, 5-30. (In Persian)
  • Eisenstadt, M. (2016), “The Role of Missiles in Iran’s Military Strategy”. Retrieved from The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Website: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-role-of-missiles-in-irans-military-strategy
  • Eisenstadt, M. (2015), “The Strategic Culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Religion, Expediency, and Soft Power in an Era of Disruptive Change”. Retrieved from The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Website: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ pdf
  • Flemes, D.; Nolte, D. (2010), “Introduction”. In Daniel Flemes. Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Gilpin, R. (1982), War and Change in World Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hasenclever, A; Mayer, P; Rittberger, V. (2004), Theories of international regimes, Sixth printing, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hurrell, A. (2010), “Regional Powers and the Global System from a Historical Perspective”. In Daniel Flemes, Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Leverett, F. L., & Leverett, H. M. (2010), “The United States, Iran and the Middle East's New Cold War''. The International Spectator, Vol 45, No 1, 75–87.
  • Lipschutz, R. D. (2005), “Global civil society and global governmentality: or, the search for politics and the state amidst the capillaries of social power”. In Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in Global Governance, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lukes, S. (2007), “Power and the battle for hearts and minds: On the bluntness of soft power”. In Felix Berenskoetter and M. J. Williams. Power in World Politics, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (2005), Politics Between Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Translated by Homeira Moshirzadeh, Third Edition, Tehran: Office of Political and International Studies. (In Persian)
  • Moshirzadeh, Homeira; Masoudi, Heidar Ali (2009), “Identity and Conceptual Domains of International Relations”. Quarterly Journal of Politics, Vol 39, No  4, 251-269. (In Persian)
  • Moshirzadeh, Homeira (2009), Evolution in Theories of International Relations. Fourth Edition, Tehran: Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books, Humanities Research and Development Center. (In Persian)
  • Nazari, Ali Ashraf (2007), “Modern View of the Concept of Political Power”. Journal of Law and Political Science, Year 2, No 4, 123-141. (In Persian)
  • Nye, J. S. (2008), The Powers to Lead, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Office of Director of National Intelligence (2009). “National Intelligence Strategy of the United States 2009”. Retrieved from Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) website:

http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2009 _NIS.pdf

  • Rahbari, Mahdi (2006), “The Discourse Evolution of Power (Essays on the Conceptual Evolution of Power in the Classical, Middle, Modern, and Postmodern Era)”. Journal of Law and Political Sciences, Year 1, No 1, 117-152. (In Persian)
  • Rezaei, Nima; Taghavinejad, Seyyed Mojtaba (2011), US and Iran in Strategic Confrontation; Iran's Countermeasures in a Possible War, Tehran: Hourmazd Publishing. (In Persian)
  • Stairs, D. (1998), “Of Medium Powers and Middling Roles”. In Ken Booth. Statecraft and Security: The Cold War and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tajik, Mohammad Reza (1998), “Power and security in the postmodern era”. Discourse, No 0, 101-135. (In Persian)
  • The Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (2020), “Arab Opinion Toward Iran 2019/2020”. Retrieved from Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies Website: https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/Lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/Arab-Opinion-Toward-Iran-2019-2020.pdf
  • The International Institution for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2020), “The Military Balance 2016: Modernizing military capabilities; familiar security challenges”. Retrieved from The International Institution for Strategic Studies(IISS) Website:

https://www.iiss.org/en/publications/military%20balance/issues/the-military-balance-2016-d6c9

  • The Institute for National Security Studies (2013), “Military Balance Files: Iran”. Retrieved from The Institute for National Security Studies(INSS) Website: http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/ System Files/iran.pdf
  • Wendt, A. (1995), “Constructing International Politics”. International Security, Vol 20, No 1, 71-81.
  • Zogby, J; Bohnert, C; Calogero, J; Mazloom, J; Scott, K (2012), “Looking at Iran: How 20 Arab and Muslim Nations View Iran and Its Policies”. Retrieved from Wilson Center Website: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/iranpollresultsreport .pdf
    • Adami, Ali; Rezaei, Nima (2016), “The nature and dimensions of the implicit informal regime of region security of the "Islamic Republic" In the West Asian region”. Quarterly Journal of Political Research in the Islamic World, Year 6, Issue 4, 61-89. (In Persian)
    • Ajili, Hadi; Rezaei, Nima (2017), “Defensive and offensive realism: A theoretical framework for analyzing the events in the Persian Gulf”. National Security Quarterly, Year 8, No 27, 165-198. (In Persian)
    • Baldwin, D. A. (2013), “Power and International Relations”. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons. Handbook of International Relations. London, California, New Delhi and Singapore: SAGE Publications Ltd.
    • Barnett, M.; Duvall, R. (2005), “Power in International Politics”. International Organization, Vol 59, No 1, 39-75.
    • Blair, C. P; Jansson, M. (2012), “Sanctions, Military Strikes, and Other Potential Actions Against Iran”. Retrieved from Federation Of American Science(FAS) Website: https://fas.org/ docs/2012_Iran_and_Global_Economy.pdf
    • Dehghani Firouzabadi, Seyyed Jalal (2011), “Power technologies in soft warfare”. Quarterly Journal of Strategic Studies, Year 14, Issue 1, No 51, 5-30. (In Persian)
    • Eisenstadt, M. (2016), “The Role of Missiles in Iran’s Military Strategy”. Retrieved from The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Website: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-role-of-missiles-in-irans-military-strategy
    • Eisenstadt, M. (2015), “The Strategic Culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Religion, Expediency, and Soft Power in an Era of Disruptive Change”. Retrieved from The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Website: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ pdf
    • Flemes, D.; Nolte, D. (2010), “Introduction”. In Daniel Flemes. Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers, Aldershot: Ashgate.
    • Gilpin, R. (1982), War and Change in World Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Hasenclever, A; Mayer, P; Rittberger, V. (2004), Theories of international regimes, Sixth printing, New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Hurrell, A. (2010), “Regional Powers and the Global System from a Historical Perspective”. In Daniel Flemes, Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers, Aldershot: Ashgate.
    • Leverett, F. L., & Leverett, H. M. (2010), “The United States, Iran and the Middle East's New Cold War''. The International Spectator, Vol 45, No 1, 75–87.
    • Lipschutz, R. D. (2005), “Global civil society and global governmentality: or, the search for politics and the state amidst the capillaries of social power”. In Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in Global Governance, New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Lukes, S. (2007), “Power and the battle for hearts and minds: On the bluntness of soft power”. In Felix Berenskoetter and M. J. Williams. Power in World Politics, London and New York: Routledge.
    • Morgenthau, H. J. (2005), Politics Between Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Translated by Homeira Moshirzadeh, Third Edition, Tehran: Office of Political and International Studies. (In Persian)
    • Moshirzadeh, Homeira; Masoudi, Heidar Ali (2009), “Identity and Conceptual Domains of International Relations”. Quarterly Journal of Politics, Vol 39, No  4, 251-269. (In Persian)
    • Moshirzadeh, Homeira (2009), Evolution in Theories of International Relations. Fourth Edition, Tehran: Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books, Humanities Research and Development Center. (In Persian)
    • Nazari, Ali Ashraf (2007), “Modern View of the Concept of Political Power”. Journal of Law and Political Science, Year 2, No 4, 123-141. (In Persian)
    • Nye, J. S. (2008), The Powers to Lead, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • Office of Director of National Intelligence (2009). “National Intelligence Strategy of the United States 2009”. Retrieved from Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) website:

    http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2009 _NIS.pdf

    • Rahbari, Mahdi (2006), “The Discourse Evolution of Power (Essays on the Conceptual Evolution of Power in the Classical, Middle, Modern, and Postmodern Era)”. Journal of Law and Political Sciences, Year 1, No 1, 117-152. (In Persian)
    • Rezaei, Nima; Taghavinejad, Seyyed Mojtaba (2011), US and Iran in Strategic Confrontation; Iran's Countermeasures in a Possible War, Tehran: Hourmazd Publishing. (In Persian)
    • Stairs, D. (1998), “Of Medium Powers and Middling Roles”. In Ken Booth. Statecraft and Security: The Cold War and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Tajik, Mohammad Reza (1998), “Power and security in the postmodern era”. Discourse, No 0, 101-135. (In Persian)
    • The Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (2020), “Arab Opinion Toward Iran 2019/2020”. Retrieved from Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies Website: https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/Lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/Arab-Opinion-Toward-Iran-2019-2020.pdf
    • The International Institution for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2020), “The Military Balance 2016: Modernizing military capabilities; familiar security challenges”. Retrieved from The International Institution for Strategic Studies(IISS) Website:

    https://www.iiss.org/en/publications/military%20balance/issues/the-military-balance-2016-d6c9

    • The Institute for National Security Studies (2013), “Military Balance Files: Iran”. Retrieved from The Institute for National Security Studies(INSS) Website: http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/ System Files/iran.pdf
    • Wendt, A. (1995), “Constructing International Politics”. International Security, Vol 20, No 1, 71-81.
    • Zogby, J; Bohnert, C; Calogero, J; Mazloom, J; Scott, K (2012), “Looking at Iran: How 20 Arab and Muslim Nations View Iran and Its Policies”. Retrieved from Wilson Center Website: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/iranpollresultsreport .pdf